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Find out information related to Rotary Encoders.

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Technical Guide

Rotary Encoder Glossary

 

Overview

Glossary


Rotary Encoder Explanation of Terms

 

Resolution
 

The pulse count of an incremental signal output when the shaft revolves once, or the absolute address count.
 


Output Phase
 

The output signal count for an Incremental Encoder. There are 1-phase models (phase A), 2-phase models (phase A, phase B), and 3-phase models (phase A, phase B, and phase Z). The phase Z is an origin signal that is output once a revolution.
 


Output Phase Difference
 

When the shaft is rotated, this is the time difference between the rise or fall of the phase A and phase B signals, expressed as a proportion of the period of one signal, or as an electrical angle where one signal period equals 360°.
The difference between phase A and phase B as an electrical angle is normally 90°.

 

Output Phase Difference
 


CW
 

The clockwise direction of rotation. Viewed from the end of the shaft, the shaft rotates clockwise. With an Incremental Encoder, phase A normally leads phase B in this rotation direction. With an Absolute Encoder, this is the direction of code increase.
The reverse of CW rotation is counterclockwise (CCW) rotation.

 

CW and CCW
 


Output Duty Ratio
 

This is the ratio of the duration of high level during one period to the average period of pulse output when the shaft is rotated at a constant speed.

 

Output Duty Ratio
 


Maximum Response Frequency
 

The maximum frequency at which the signal can respond.
 


Rise and Fall Times of Output
 

The elapsed time from a 10% to 90% change in the output pulse.

 

Rise and Fall Times of Output
 


Output Circuit
 

(1) Open-collector Output
An output circuit where the emitter of the output circuit transistor is the common and the collector is open.

(2) Voltage Output
An output circuit where the emitter of the output circuit transistor is the common and a resistor is inserted between the collector and the power supply to convert the output from the collector to a voltage.

(3) Line-driver Output
An output method that uses a special IC for high-speed, long-distance data transmission that complies with the RS-422A standard. The signal is output as a differential secondary signal, and thus is strong with respect to noise.
A special IC called a line receiver is used to receive the signal output from a line driver.

(4) Complementary Output
An output circuit with two output transistors (NPN and PNP) on the output.
These two output transistors alternately turn ON and OFF depending on the high or low output signal. When using them, pull up to the positive power supply voltage level or pull down to 0 V.
The complementary output allows flow-in or flow-out of the output current and thus the rising and falling speeds of signals are fast.
This allows a long cable distance.
They can be connected to open-collector input devices (NPN, PNP).
 


Starting Torque
 

The torque needed to rotate the shaft of the Rotary Encoder at startup.
The torque during normal rotation is normally lower than the starting torque. A shaft that has a waterproof seal has a higher starting torque.
 


Moment of Inertia
 

This expresses the magnitude of inertia when starting and stopping the Rotary Encoder.
 


Shaft Capacity
 

This is the load that can be applied to the shaft. The radial load is the load that is perpendicular to the shaft, and the thrust load is the load in the direction along the shaft. Both are permitted on the shaft during rotation, and the size of the load affects the life of the bearings.
 


Ambient Operating Temperature
 

The ambient temperature that meets the specifications, consisting of the permitted values for the external air temperature and the temperature of the parts that contact the Rotary Encoder.
 


Ambient Storage Temperature
 

The ambient temperature when the power is OFF that does not cause functional deterioration, consisting of the permitted values for the external air temperature and the temperature of the parts that contact the Rotary Encoder.
 


Degree of Protection
 

The level of protection against penetration of foreign objects from outside the Rotary Encoder. This is defined in the IEC60529 standard and expressed as IPXX.
The degree of protection against oil is specified by OMRON standards, and is expressed as oil-proof construction or oil resistance.
 


Absolute Code
 

(1) Binary Code
A pure binary code, expressed in the format 2n. Multiple bits may change when an address changes.

(2) Gray Code
A code in which only one bit changes when an address changes.
The code plate of the Rotary Encoder uses Gray Code.

(3) Remainder Gray Code
This code is used when expressing resolutions with Gray Code that are not 2n, such as 36, 360, and 720. The nature of Gray Code is such that when the most significant bit of the code changes from 0 to 1 and the same size of area is used for both the larger value and the smaller value of objects, the signal only changes by 1 bit within this range when changing from the end to the beginning of a code.


This enables any resolution that is an even number to be set with Gray Code. In this case, the code does not begin from 0, but from an intermediate code, and thus when actually using a code it must first be shifted so that it starts from 0.


The example in the code table shows 36 divisions. For the change from address 31 to 32, the code extends from address 14 to 49 when 18 addresses each are taken for the objects. When changing from address 49 to 14, only one bit changes, and we can see that the characteristic of Gray Code is preserved. By shifting the code 14 addresses, it can be converted to a code that starts from address 0.

(4) BCD
Binary Coded Decimal Code.
Each digit of a decimal number is expressed using a binary value.
 


Serial Transmission
 

In contrast to parallel transmission where multiple bits of data are simultaneously output, this method outputs data serially on a single transmission line, enabling the use of fewer wires. The receiving device converts the signals into parallel signals.
 


Hollow Shaft
 

The rotating shaft is hollow, and the drive shaft can be directly connected to the hole in the hollow shaft to reduce the length along the direction of the shaft. A leaf spring is used as a buffer to absorb vibration from the drive shaft.
 


Metal Disk
 

The rotating slit disk in the Encoder is made of metal for higher shock tolerance than glass. Due to slit machining limitations, the metal disk cannot be used for high-resolution applications.
 


Servo Mount
 

A method of mounting the Encoder in which a Servo Mounting Bracket is used to clamp down the flange of the Encoder. The position of the Encoder in the direction of rotation can be adjusted, and thus this method is used to temporarily mount the Encoder to adjust the origin. Refer to Accessories.
 

 

Absolute Code Table

 

Decimal

Binary

Gray

Gray remainder 14

BCD

10

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

2

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

3

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

4

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

5

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

6

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

7

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

8

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

9

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

10

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

11

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

12

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

13

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

14

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

15

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

16

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

17

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

3

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

18

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

4

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

19

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

5

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

20

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

6

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

21

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

7

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

22

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

8

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

23

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

9

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

24

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

25

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

26

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

2

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

27

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

3

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

28

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

4

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

29

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

5

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

30

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

6

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

31

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

7

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

32

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

8

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

33

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

9

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

34

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

2

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

35

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

2

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

36

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

2

2

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

37

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

2

3

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

38

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

2

4

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

39

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

2

5

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

40

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

2

6

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

41

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

2

7

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

42

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

8

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

43

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

2

9

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

44

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

3

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

45

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

3

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

46

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

3

2

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

47

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

3

3

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

48

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

3

4

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

49

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

3

5

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

50

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

51

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

52

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

53

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

54

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

55

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

56

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

57

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

58

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

59

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

60

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

61

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

62

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

63

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

 

 

Operating Procedure and Data


Peripheral Device Connectivity

Yes: Connection possible. No: Connection not possible.


Incremental Encoders

 

Peripheral devices

Digital Counter

Tacho-meter

Freq/ Rate Meter

Up/Down Counting Meter

Period Meter

Direction Detection Unit

SYSMAC Pulse I/O Module*

High-speed Counter Unit

EtherCAT Encoder Input Terminal

Rotary Encoder

 model

H7BX-A


H7CX-
A[]-N

H7BX-

AW


H7CX-

R[]-N


H7ER-N

K3HB-

R

K3HB-

C

K3HB-

P

E63-

WF

CJ2M-

CPU1[]/

CPU3[]
+
CJ2M-

MD21[]

C[]-CT[]

GX-

EC02[][]

E6D-CWZ1E
E6J-CWZ1E

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

E6D-CWZ2C

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

E6F-CWZ5G

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

E6A2-CS3E
E6A2-CW3E
E6A2-CWZ3E
E6B2-CWZ3E
E6H-CWZ3E
E6C2-CWZ3E
E6C3-CWZ3EH

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

E6A2-CS3C
E6A2-CW3C
E6A2-CWZ3C
E6A2-CS5C
E6A2-CW5C
E6B2-CWZ6C
E6H-CWZ6C
E6C2-CWZ6C
E6C3-CWZ5GH

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

E6B2-CWZ1X
E6H-CWZ3X
E6C2-CWZ1X
E6C3-CWZ3XH

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

E6B2-CWZ5B
E6C2-CWZ5B

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

 

* Supported by CJ2M CPU Unit with unit version 2.0 or later.

 

 

Absolute Encoders

 

Peripheral device

Cam Positioner

SYSMAC Programmable Controller

Rotary
Encoder
model

Model

H8PS

CPM1A

CP1H

CP1L

CP1E

DC Input Unit

E6CP-AG5C
E6C3-AG5C

No

Yes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.

E6CP-AG5C-C
E6C3-AG5C-C
E6F-AG5C-C

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

E6F-AB3C

No

Yes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.

E6F-AB3C-C

No

No

No

No

No

No

E6C-NN5C
E6C-NN5CA

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.

E6C-NN5C-C
E6C-NN5CA-C

No

Yes
Requires PS-26PE-D4[] Connector manufactured by Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd.

No

No

No

Yes
Requires PS-26PE-D4[] Connector manufactured by Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd., and separate power supply for Encoder.

 

 

Example of Connection with H7BX-AW Self-powered Tachometer

 

Example of Applicable Models

E6A2-CS3E 10P/R, 60P/R
E6C2-CWZ3E, E6F-CWZ5G 600P/R
E6C3-CWZ3EH 10P/R, 60P/R, 600P/R

Example of Connection with H7BX-AW Self-powered Tachometer

 

 

Example of Connection with H7BX-A Digital Counter

 

Example of Applicable Models

E6A2-CW3E
E6C2-CWZ3E, E6C3-CWZ3EH,
E6F-CWZ5G

Example of Connection with H7BX-A Digital Counter

 

 

Example of Connection with K3HB-C Up/Down Counting Meter

NPN Open-collector Outputs
 

Example of Applicable Models

E6A2-CS3C, E6A2-CS5C
E6A2-CW3C, E6A2-CW5C
E6C2-CWZ6C, E6F-CWZ5G

Example of Connection with K3HB-C Up/Down Counting Meter (NPN Open-collector Outputs)

 

 

Voltage Outputs

 

Example of Applicable Models

E6A2-CS3E, E6A2-CW3E
E6C2-CWZ3E

Example of Connection with K3HB-C Up/Down Counting Meter (Voltage Outputs)

 

 

Example of Connection with CJ1W-CT021 High-speed Counter Unit in Programmable Controller

 

Example of Applicable Models (1)

E6A2-C, E6B2-C, E6C2-C, E6H-C
E6F-CWZ5G,
E6D (open-collector output)

 

 

Encoder with NPN Open-collector Output (5/12/24 VDC)

Example of Connection with CJ1W-CT021 High-speed Counter Unit in Programmable Controller (NPN Open-collector Output)


Note: Connections are as follows if the Encoder power supply is 5 V or 24 V.
Phase A + 5-V power supply ➝ A19, 24 V ➝ B20
Phase B + 5-V power supply ➝ A17, 24 V ➝ B18

 

Example of Applicable Models (2)

E6B2-CWZ5B
E6C2-CWZ5B, E6C3-CWZ5GH

 

 

Encoder with PNP Open-collector Output (5/12/24 VDC)

 

Example of Connection with CJ1W-CT021 High-speed Counter Unit in Programmable Controller (Encoder with PNP Open-collector Output)

Note: Connections are as follows if the Encoder power supply is 5 V or 24 V.
Phase A + 5-V power supply ➝ A19, 24 V ➝ B20
Phase B + 5-V power supply ➝ A17, 24 V ➝ B18

 

Example of Applicable Models (3)

E6B2-CWZ1X, E6C2-CWZ1X
E6C3-CWZ3XH, E6H-CWZ3X

 

 

Encoder with Line-driver Output (RS-422)
Example of Connection with CJ1W-CT021 High-speed Counter Unit in Programmable Controller (Encoder with Linear-driver Output)
Example of Connection with CJ2M-CPU1[]/CPU3[] + CJ2M-MD21[] SYSMAC Pulse I/O Module

 

Example of Applicable Models

E6A2-CWZ5C, E6C2-CWZ6C,
E6C3-CWZ5GH, E6F-CWZ5G

 

Example of Connection with CJ2M Programmable Controller

 

  • Up to two Pulse I/O Modules can be mounted to a CJ2M CPU Unit with unit
    version 2.0 or later. Each Pulse I/O Module allows you to use six inputs
    (IN8, IN9, IN3, IN6, IN7, and IN2) to directly input pulses from rotary
    encoders for application in built-in high-speed counters.

  • The response speed is 60 kHz for single phase and the phase difference (multiplier of 4) is 30 kHz. Counting can be performed from 0 to 4,294,967,295 pulses in incremental mode and from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 in incremental/decremental mode.

  • Operating modes for the high-speed counter are set in the PLC Setup.

 

<Count Mode>
 

Phase difference input mode

Incremental/decremental counting is performed using the phase difference between phases A and B (4-times multiplier constant).

Increment/decrement pulse input mode

Incremental/decremental counting is performed using phase A as the incremental
pulse input and phase B as the decremental pulse input.

Pulse and direction input mode

Incremental/decremental counting is performed using phase A as the pulse input and phase B as the direction signal (i.e., incremental/decremental).

Incremental pulse input mode

Incremental counting is performed using phase A only.

 

 

<Value Range Mode>

 

Linear mode

Counting is performed within the range of the upper limit and lower limit.

Ring mode

Counting is performed by looping the input pulse within the set range.

 

 

<Reset Method>

 

Phase Z and software reset

If software reset is ON, the present value will be reset when the phase-Z input turns ON.

Software reset

The present value will be reset when software reset turns ON.

 

 

<Output Method>

 

Target value comparison

Up to 48 target values can be set. When the present value reaches a target value, the specified subroutine is executed.

Range comparison

Up to 8 ranges (upper and lower limits) can be set. When the present value enters a range, the specified subroutine is executed.

 

Example of Applicable Models

E6B2-CWZ1X, E6C2-CWZ1X,
E6C3-CWZ3XH, E6H-CWZ3X with Line-driver
Output

 

Example: E6B2-CWZ1X with Line-driver Output

 


 

» What is Rotary Encoder?

 

Recommended Products

E6B2 Rotary Encoder
 

Incremental Rotary Encoder (40-mm Diameter)

 

 

E6B2

General-purpose Encoder with diameter of 40 mm.

E6C2-A Absolute Rotary Encoder
 

Absolute Rotary Encoder  (40-mm Diameter)

 

 

E6C2-A

 

E6C3-C Rotary Encoder (50-mm diameter (durable type))
 

Incremental Rotary Encoder (Durable Type, 50-mm Diameter)

 

 

E6C3-C